Manometers are precision instruments used to measure pressure. Pressure is the force exerted by a gas or liquid per unit surface area due to the effects of the weight of that gas or liquid from gravity. Depending on their type and configuration, manometers can be set up to measure different pressure values. A common type of manometer is the one used by physicians and medical professionals to measure and monitor a patient’s blood pressure. This type of manometer is called a sphygmomanometer.

What is Pressure? 

Pressure is a measure of the amount of force (F) exerted per unit area (A): P=F/A. The unit of measure for pressure is, therefore, a force value divided by a squared distance value. The metric unit of measure for pressure is Newtons/(meter)2, known as a Pascal (Pa). Other common pressure units of measure are, pounds per square inch (psi), millibars, atmospheres (atm), millimeters of mercury (mm Hg), and inches of water (in H2O).

Pressure can be represented in terms of three specific categories:

• Absolute pressure
• Gauge pressure
• Differential pressure

Types of Manometers

Manometers are broadly classified into two – analog manometers, and digital manometers. 

Analog Manometers 

Analog manometers use the fluid that is within a U-shaped tube and operate under the principle of Hydrostatic Balance. It means that the fluid in the tube will settle to equal height in each leg of the tube when both ends are open to atmospheric pressure. But, if positive pressure is applied to one of the legs this tube, then the level of liquid will fall in that leg and rise in the other leg. 

This is because the pressure forces the fluid to fall in the one leg and rise in the other until the weight of the column of fluid that results from the applied pressure is enough to oppose that pressure value. Here, the vertical distance between the levels of the fluid within the two legs of the tube represents a measure of the amount of pressure being applied. 

These common types of analog manometers are referred to as U tube manometers. The pressure value (P) being observed as a function of the height (h) and density (ρ) of the fluid used in the manometer, the value (g) representing the gravitational constant.

Digital Manometers 

Digital manometers, or electronic manometers, do not rely on Hydrostatic Balance of fluids to determine pressure. Instead, they use a pressure transducer to convert an observed pressure level into an electrical signal whose characteristic value is proportional to the magnitude of the pressure. 

The elastic portion of the transducer deflects under pressure and that deflection is then converted to a value of an electrical parameter that is detected and calibrated to a pressure reading. Pressure transducers use of any of three types of electrical parameters – resistive, capacitive, or inductive.

Uses of Manometers 

Manometers are used in a wide range of industries to measure pressure and flow rate.  Some common uses are for:

• HVAC systems maintenance
• Meteorological and weather conditions monitoring
• Gas pressure monitoring 
• Fluid flow measurements
• Physiological measurements such as blood pressure
• Monitoring compressor systems operations

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